甄珍 蒋高明：有机肥堆肥对温带农田土壤微生物群落多样性和土壤微环境的影响

　　长期过量使用化肥导致土壤退化，表现在土壤微生物生物量、群落和养分含量、土壤生产力下降，进而影响作物健康。本研究旨在建立一种快速、高效的解决方案，重建退化耕地土壤微生物群落，通过施用有机肥堆肥或其组合，研究有机肥堆肥在退化农田修复中的作用。本研究以中国温带农田为研究对象，探讨了土壤微生物数量、生物量、土壤呼吸、群落结构多样性动态，采用6种不同处理 [不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)，N肥+菌肥(NB)，粪便堆肥(M)、有机肥堆肥+菌肥(MB)，菌肥(B)]，分析耕作层(0–20厘米)土壤肥力变化及其对产量影响。变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图谱分析表明，6种施肥处理的细菌、真菌群落结构和组成，在不同水平上存在差异。细菌和真菌群落的Shannon指数，在玉米成熟期表现最高，氮处理最低。不同肥料处理后，土壤微生物群落结构和多样性变化导致微生物特性不同。有机堆肥明显增加可培养微生物和微生物生物量，从而提高了土壤呼吸和酶活性(P<0.01)，而N处理表现出相反的结果(P<0.01)。然而，B、NB处理最低限度的增加,造成的可培养微生物和微生物生物量无明显影响，对群落结构和土壤酶活性也五影响。研究结果表明，施用有机堆肥，同时添加加可培养菌种，能迅速改善退化农田土壤微生物群落结构和多样性。

　　Effects of Manure Compost Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Soil Microenvironments in a Temperate Cropland in China

　　Zhen Zhen, Haitao Liu, Na Wang, Liyue Guo, Jie Meng, Na Ding, Guanglei Wu, Gaoming Jiang

　　State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

　　The long-term application of excessive chemical fertilizers has resulted in the degeneration of soil quality parameters such as soil microbial biomass, communities, and nutrient content, which in turn affects crop health, productivity, and soil sustainable productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and efficient solution for rehabilitating degraded cropland soils by precisely quantifying soil quality parameters through the application of manure compost and bacteria fertilizers or its combination during maize growth. We investigated dynamic impacts on soil microbial count, biomass, basal respiration, community structure diversity, and enzyme activity using six different treatments [no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer (NB), manure compost (M), manure compost + bacterial fertilizer (MB), and bacterial fertilizer (B)] in the plowed layer (0–20 cm) of potted soil during various maize growth stages in a temperate cropland of eastern China. Denaturing gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis showed that the structure and composition of bacterial and fungi communities in the six fertilizer treatments varied at different levels. The Shannon index of bacterial and fungi communities displayed the highest value in the MB treatments and the lowest in the N treatment at the maize mature stage. Changes in soil microorganism community structure and diversity after different fertilizer treatments resulted in different microbial properties. Adding manure compost significantly increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, thus enhancing soil respiration and enzyme activities (p,0.01), whereas N treatment showed the opposite results (p,0.01). However, B and NB treatments minimally increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, with no obvious influence on community structure and soil enzymes. Our findings indicate that the application of manure compost plus bacterial fertilizers can immediately improve the microbial community structure and diversity of degraded cropland soils.

　　Citation: Zhen Z, Liu H, Wang N, Guo L, Meng J, et al. (2014) Effects of Manure Compost Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Soil Microenvironments in a Temperate Cropland in China. PLoS ONE 9(10): e108555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108555